1. Mass Air Flow Sensor
The Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor determines the mass of air entering a fuel-injected engine. This information is crucial for maintaining the proper air-fuel mixture, ensuring optimal engine performance and efficiency.

2. Throttle Position Sensor
The Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) monitors the position of the throttle body valve and sends data to the engine control unit (ECU). It helps regulate the air intake, ensuring smooth acceleration and engine responsiveness.

3. Oxygen Sensor
Also known as the O2 or lambda sensor, the Oxygen Sensor measures the oxygen levels in a car's exhaust gases. This data helps the engine control module (ECM) adjust fuel delivery for efficient combustion and reduced emissions.

4. Engine Knock Sensor
Located on the engine block, the Knock Sensor detects vibrations caused by engine knocking. It helps prevent potential engine damage by signaling the ECU to adjust timing and other parameters.

5. Camshaft Position Sensor
The Camshaft Position Sensor monitors the position and rotational speed of the camshaft. It sends signals to the ECM to ensure accurate timing of fuel injection and ignition.

6. Coolant Temperature Sensor
The Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS) measures the temperature of the coolant in the engine's cooling system. This information is used to manage engine temperature, optimize performance, and prevent overheating.

7. NOx Sensor
The NOx Sensor measures the concentration of nitrogen oxides in a vehicle's exhaust, particularly in diesel engines. It helps ensure compliance with emissions regulations and improves environmental performance.

8. Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
The Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor measures the pressure inside the intake manifold. This data helps the ECU calculate air density and optimize the air-fuel mixture for better efficiency and power.